Yrða

vera

óflokkað
older form vesa, the verb substantive; em, ert, er, erum, eruð, eru: var, vart ( varst), var, váru or vóru; a obsolete óru occurs, (once), 426. l. 11, 81, Thom. 28, 90, 102, 116, 150, 196, Ísl. ii. 482: sé, sér ( 4, 7), sé; the older form is sjá, en ek sjá, 138. l. 14; at ek sjá, … ok sé mér eigi reiðr, 145, viii. 299, x. 384, xi. 124, 127; for the forms sják, sjákk, see below: the forms are sé, sért, sér (eg sé, þú sért; sert and ert make a rhyme in 34. 5): ver, vertú; see Gramm. p. xxiii: there also occurs a verir, veri, 22, 54; þatz án veri, 36; skósmiðr þú verir, 126, but rarely.
A. CHANGES AND FORMS.—Vera is an anomalous verb, which has undergone several changes:
I. by changing s to r; of the older form there occur, the vesa, es, vas, vast (vastu), vas; vesi; ves, 623. 25. l. 14, 645. 6l. l. 33, 677. 40. l. 38; vestu, 623. 25, (Unger) 129. l. 27, 229. l. 12; vesum, ( 237) p. 214. l. 8; 2nd est, 372; 3rd es: but no traces remain of the older form in and (váru væri, never vásu væsi). Rhymes in poets and the spelling of the oldest extant poems shew that the s form alone existed in down to about the end of the 12th century, the time of Snorri Sturluson, when the modern forms crept in probably from Norway, for there the change seems to have taken place a century or so earlier; the old Norse vellums (written in Norway or by Norsemen) are distinguished from the by their constant use of the r: the phrase ‘at upp vesandi sólu’, in i. 4, being the only instance of the s form in all the Norse vellums. The earliest instances extant of a rhyme to the r form are, the of Rögnvald, earl of the Orkneys; he was a native of Norway, born about 1100, and the poem was composed about 1145; another instance is ‘vara, fara’ in vii. 185, in a poem about 1140, written by an Icelander who had lived in Norway the greater part of his life, the rhyme is therefore a Norwegianism. The first instance in an poem is in the of Snorri, 1222. Instances from poets, Hallfred, Sighvat, Arnórr, and coeval poets; vesa, vísi; sás með Sygna ræsi; þági vas sem þessum; vask til Róms í háska; vastu, kosta; vas fyrir Mikkjals-messu; nú es um verk þau er vísi; bráskat þat dægr háski: from 1100–1150, Geisli, , , svás, ræsir; esat, risnu; vasa, tysvar; vestu. freistni; vestu, traustla: on the other hand, in the poem of earl Rögvald, vera, skera; gera, vera; var, skar (twice): from later poems it is sufficient to note, erðu, fyrðum; ertú, hjarta; verðú, forðast, Leiðarv. This may sometimes serve as a test, var ek nær viðr-eign þeirra, , and skap-kers saman vera, , are impossible in the mouth of poets of the early Saga time; the verses of both these Sagas are a later composition.
2. as to the spelling of the ,—the oldest (the 677, the 674, the ) use the s throughout: vellums of the next period, about 1200 ( 623 and 645), use the later form sparingly, even the second hand in the Reykholts máldagi gives ‘es,’ not ‘er.’ Again, in the vellums of the middle of the 13th century, such as the Reg. of the , the , and the , the spelling has entirely got the better of the old, and an ‘es’ only creeps in, as if unawares, from an older copy. Of the poetical literature, the alone has been preserved in a copy old enough to retain the s; all the rest have the modernised spelling, even in the rhymed syllables quoted above; such too is the case with the Reg. of the ; but had that vellum been but fifty or sixty years older, the forms vesa, es, vas, would now be the established spelling in Editions of these poems.3. on Danish and Swedish Runic stones, the 3rd is a word of frequent occurrence; the best Danish monuments have vas, ias vas farinn vestr, Thorsen 93 and 101 (on a stone of the reign of Sweyn, died 1014). In Sweden the great majority present the later form: the so-called Ingvar stones are chronologically certain, being of the middle of the 11th century (Ingvar died 1039); there we read, ‘vas’ (twice), ‘varinn’ (once), ‘var’ (thrice, being twice spelt with ᛦ, once with ᚱ): this shews that about this time in Sweden the later or more modern form had begun to be used, but that the old was still remembered.
II. suffixed personal pronoun or suffixed negation; em’k (tautologically ek em’k = I-am-I), emk, 1, 8, xi. 91; ek emk, 89. l. 13, 104. l. 23, 136. l. 20, 138. l. 13; vask, I was, 133. l. 25, 89. l. 16; vark, 225, 15; ek vark, 35; vestu, be thou, 129. l. 27; es þú, art thou, l. 30, 130. l. 11; sjá’k (may I be), ek sják, 134; at sják, 189. l. 29; ek sják, 9, 1. 20; at ek gjarn sják, ; with double kk, þó at ek sjákk, 89.
2. a medial form, erumk, erumz, or apocopated erum, 1, 16, 1. 25, 5. 2, 35, Bragi (see senna); leið erum-k fjöll, (in a verse); várumk, were to me, 78.3. eru-mk-a, it is not to me, 17, (in a verse); emkat-ek, am I not I, I am not, 34, 18, 192 (in a verse): er-at, es-at, or er-a, es-a, is not, passim; eru-ð, are not, 1. 42; ert-attu, thou art not, ; vart-attu, thou wast not, , (in a verse); veri-a, be not, 37. l. 8.4. sá’s = sá es, that is, Hallfred ( 95); svá’s = svá es, so is, vii. (in a verse).
III. the eru when suffixed to words ending in r drops the initial e, and is suffixed; this spelling, which agrees with pronunciation, was afterwards disused; þeir-ro, they are, 34; margir-ro, many are, 2. 11; Æsir-ro, the Ases are, 49; skildir-ro, shields are, 44; torogætir-ro, rare are, (in a verse); hverjar-ro, which are, 48; langir-ro, long are, ; tveir-ro, þrír-ro, fjórir-ro, two, three, four are, 108; báðir-ro, both are, 169; hér-ro, here are, 234; þér-ro, ye are, 686 B. 1; hryggvir-ro, id.; hver-ro, who are, 96; úvar-ro, wroth are, 53; værrom, vérrom, we are, i. 526, x. 421; hverrtu [ wh’art’ou, lad] (hverrtú karl, who art thou, carle?), Frissb. 256. l. 8; ir-rot, ye are, 151.IV. the 1st em [ am] has changed into er (eg er, þú ert, hann er), making the 1st and 3rd uniform; this new form appears in vellums about the end of the 13th century, but the word being usually abbreviated (ē = em, eͬ = er), it is often hard to distinguish. In the and in hymns the old ‘em’ still remains in solemn language, em eg, Matth. xxvii. 24; eigi em eg, John xviii. 17; eg em hann, 5, 8, xi. 25, xv. 1, 5, Matth. xiv. 27; em eg eigi postuli, em eg eigi frjáls, 1 Cor. ix. 1; em eg orðinn, 20, 22, and passim.
B. USAGE.—To be:
I. to be, exist; þær sakir skal fyrst dæma, ef þær eru, if such there are, () i. 73; eigi vóru hans jafningjar, 1; Rachel grét sonu sína, … þvi at þeir eru eigi, 49; þeir menn vóru, er þess gátu, there were men who, 90.
2. to be, happen; þat var, at hón for brott, 51; él eitt mun vera, 198; þess sem vera vill, that which is to be, 186; ok er (is) Vagn þá fimtán vetra gamall, er þetta er, when this came to pass, xi. 97; at þessi orrosta hafi verit á öðrum degi viku, iii. 11; í þann tið var úfriðr Kristnum mönnum, 43; hvat er henni, what is the matter with her? ii. 290; hvat er þér, Atli? er þér hryggt í hug, 3.3. to last; meðan þingit væri, 12; hirðit eigi at óttask píslir þeirra—þvíat stund eina eru, 623. 32; meðan líf hans var, 100; þykkir eigi vera mega svá búit, xi. 62: to remain, leave alone, láttu það vera, let that be, 4. to be, dwell, stay, sojourn; vask til Róms, I was at Rome, Sighvat; hann bað hana vera í búð sinni, 12; Gunnarr var á Höskuld-stöðum um nótt, passed a night there, 34, i. 347: so the phrase, biðja að lofa sér að vera, to ask for night-quarters, of a stranger or traveller; lofa honum að vera, to take a stranger in; honum var boðit at vera, 23; hefi ek hér verit síðan, 45; Hallkell var þar með Otkatli, 73; þeir vildu eigi vesa hér við heiðna menn, 4; vera samvistum við e-n, ii. 80; vera við e-t, to be present at, 129: vera at, to be present; vark at þar, : vera brottu, to be away, absent, 113; meðan ek em í brautu, 52: sagðisk eigi vita hvar þau væri, were to be found, ii. 20; hvar ertu? slá ein var um þvert skipit, 44; hygg ek at þar hafi verit Bolli, 274; er þér hér nú minja-griprinn, 203: as with the notion of ‘towards’ a place, an irregular construction, vartú á land upp, ii. 174; meðan þeir vóru til Danmerkr, x. 104; Ribbungar höfðu ekki verit út í landit, ix. 359; verit eigi til orrostu, vii. 263, ; vera á fund hans, 26.5. with ; vera at, to be busy at (see ‘at’ A. II, p. 26, col. 2): vera fyrir, to lead (see fyrir): vera til, to exist (see til IV); eiga fjölskyldi, vandræði, um at vera, to be in straits (see um C. VII); e-m er mikit, lítið, ekki um e-t (see um C. I. 3); vera við (see við B. VIII).
II. with a predicate:
1. with a noun, to be so and so; vera bróðir, systir, faðir, sonr, dóttir … e-s, vera konungr, jarl, biskup …, passim; hvers son ertú?—Ek emk Kattarson, 104; ek skal þer Mörðr vera, 15: followed by a ellípt., er þat ekki karla, that is not men’s (affair), 75; er þat ekki margra, ‘that is not for many,’ few are equal to that ( ‘non cuivis homini,’ ), 48.2. with adjectives, to be so and so, of a state or condition; vera kunnigr, x. 370; vera glaðr, sæll, hryggr, dauðr, lifandi, … ungr, gamall, to be glad …, young, old, passim; þó at ek sjákk ótignari, 89; nema ek dauðr sják, 9; þótt ek sják einn, 134; vera kominn, to be come: so too with adverbs, vera vel, ílla … til e-s, er við e-n, to be, behave well, ill … to one, passim; or also, þat er ílla, it is sad, 70, 71; ílla er þá, fyrr væri ílla, 75, 260; drengr góðr, þar sem vel skyldi vera, when it was to be, when she wished, 147; vera spakliga í heraði, to behave gently, iii. 143; at þú frændr þína vammalaust verir, to behave blamelessly, 22; orð kvað hann þats án veri, words which he had better not have said, 36.3. , e-t er skylt, it is incumbent, ; e-m er varmt, heitt, kalt, one is warm, cold, 95; er auðit, 4. with participles, in a passive sense; vera kallaðr, vera sagðr, tekinn, elskaðr, , to be called, said, taken, loved.5. with ; hlymr var at heyra, was to hear, to be heard, ; þar var at sjá, there was to be seen, passim.6. , dropping a noun or the like, denoting futurity, necessity, a thing at hand, about to happen, or to be done; ok er hér at þiggja, Hrafn, þann greiða sem þú vill, and it is now for thee, Rafn, to partake of what food thou wilt, Ísl. ii. 262; nú er þeim út at ganga öllum, er leyft er, now it is for them to go out, 200; nú er at verja sik, 83; er nú eigi Kára at varask, now there is no need to beware of K., 259; nú er at segja frá, now is to be told, 75, 259; er nú ekki fyrr frá at segja en þeir koma …, 21; er ekki um hans ferðir at tala fyrr en …, 215.
III. irregular usages:
1. ellipse of the vera; ek skal þér Hrútr, I will [be] Hrútr to thee, 15; Gunnarr segir sér þat alvöru, G. says it [is to be] his earnestness, 49; vil ek þá lauss máls þessa, 76; bað hann alla metta at miðri nótt, he begged all eating [to be over] at midnight, ix. 353; þá þótti hverjum gott þar sem sat, 50; at skamt skyli okkar í meðal, 114; mun þín skömm lengi uppi, mun hans vörn uppi meðan landit er bygt, 116, 117: or also ‘var,’ ‘er’ may be understood, hann hafði hjálm á höfði, og gyrðr sverði, 70; sá ek glöggt hvat títt var,—barn at aldri, en vegit slíka hetju, a bairn in age, and to have slain such a champion! 382: the dropping of the vera is after the forms kveðsk, segjask, látask, þykkjask, virðask, sýnask when followed by a or by an adjective, as also after the verbs munu, skulu,—thus, hann sagðisk kominn, he said he was come; hann lezt búinn, he made as if he was ready; hann þóttisk staddr, he thought that he was …; skal þat á þínu umdæmi, xi. 89; þess eins er mér þykkir betr, … til hvers þykkjast þessir menn færir, 17; mun þat harðla lítið, 21; at fátt muni manna á fótum, 20; þú virðisk okkr vaskr maðr, 23; þessi hestr sýnisk mér eigi betri en aðrir, id.2. an irregularity, occurring now and then, is the use of the ‘er’ for eru; mannföll þessi er sögð, 71; nú er fram komin sóknar-gögn, 242.
IV. , erusk, vórusk; viðr-gefendr ok endr-gefendr erosk lengst vinir, 40; þeir er í nánd erusk, those who are neighbours, 655 xxi. 3; þótt þau sésk eigi hjóna, though they be not man and wife, 158; ok városk góðir vinir, were good friends, xi. 39, 89; ok várusk þeir fóstbræðr, 55.V. as to the medial form, erumk, várumk (see ek C), the following instances are from the poems of Egil: grimmt várumk hlið, the breach was cruel to me, ; erumk-a leitt, it is not to me, (in a verse); erumka þokkt þjóða sinni, see sinni II; mærðar-efni erumk auð-skæf, ; mjök erum(k) tregt tungu at hræra, it is hard for me to move the tongue, 1; (hence one might correct the end verse of that poem into nú ‘erumk’ torvelt, for the modernised nú ‘er mér’ torvelt); blautr erumk bergi-fótar borr, (at the end); to which add, þat erumk sennt, it is told us, Bragi; lyst várumk þess, I had a longing to, 74; ván erumk, ‘a hope is to me,’ I hope, 122; the phrase, títt erumk, ‘tis ready to me, (in a verse).VI. , allir menn verandi ok eptir komandi, i. 3; æ-verandi, everlasting, 107; hjá-verandi, being present, 47; nær-verandis, present; engi nær-verandis maðr, öllum lýð nær-verandis, 77; klerkar ok nær-verandi leikmenn, ; at upp-vesandi sólu, at sunrise, i. 4; verandi eigi úminnigr, being not unmindful, v. 230.
Skammstafanir og tilvitnanir
  • pres.nútíð (e. present)
  • pl.fleirtala (e. plural)
  • pret.þátíð (e. preterite)
  • mod.modern.
  • subj.viðtengingarháttur (e. subjunctive)
  • imperat.boðháttur (e. imperative)
  • infin.nafnháttur (e. infinitive)
  • MS.manuscript, manuscripts.
  • indic.framsöguháttur (e. indicative)
  • pers.person.
  • plur.fleirtala (e. plural)
  • Icel.Iceland, Icelander, Icelanders, Icelandic.
  • A. D.Anno Domini.
  • etc.et cetera.
  • e. g.exempli gratia.
  • MSS.manuscript, manuscripts.
  • Cod.Codex.
  • sing.eintala (e. singular)
  • v. l.varia lectio.
  • ch.chapter.
  • suff.suffix.
  • neg.negative.
  • i. e.id est.
  • cp.compare.
  • North. E.Northern English.
  • Engl.English.
  • prepp.forsetning (e. preposition)
  • gen.eignarfall (e. genitive)
  • Lat.Latin.
  • impers.ópersónulegt (e. impersonal)
  • q. v.quod vide.
  • ellipt.elliptical, elliptically.
  • esp.especially.
  • freq.frequent, frequently.
  • reflex.reflexive.
  • part.lýsingarháttur (e. participle)
  • recipr.reciprocally.
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