ek
fornafn
, eg, ég or jeg; eg occurs as early as in of the 15th century, 556 A; jak, x. 287, the form and the jeg; old poets make it rhyme with ek, as, Halldórr ok ek | höfum engi þrek, 154 (in a verse), 108: [ ïk, but ek on the Golden horn and on the stone in Tune; ic; I; ich; old jak, jag; jeg; ego, ἐγώ]:—I, 10, 30, 132,
2. in poetry and old prose a pronominal ‘k or ‘g is suffixed to the verb; em’k búinn annan í at nefna, i. 103; ek em’k, 623. 56, 41, 89, 94, 99, 104, 8, 14, 1, 645. 33; jók’k, ‘I eked’ (added), (); vas’k þar fjórtán vetr, 9; þá er ek var’k á bænum, 40, 12; ek bað’k, 645. 54; ek kom’k, 18; ek sit’k, 168; ek finn’k, 141; ek nam’k, 73; sá’k, 75; ek sé’k (video), 103, 168, xi. 110; mun’k-at ek, 50; svá ek vind’k, 156; ok rít’k á þessa lund, (Thorodd) 166; sjá’k (sim), 183: g before k becomes by assimilation k, hyk’k = hygg’k, 5: the pronominal k is inserted between the suffixed negative and the verb, ek skal’k-a, hef’k-a, mon’k-a, sa’k-a, ma’k-a, veit’k-a, or skal’k-a ek, hef’k-a ek, : even a double k after a diphthong, siá’kk (sim), 89, 134, but chiefly in poetry with the suffixed negative, ek sé’kk-a: this form is obsolete, whereas the suffixed g (or k) in bisyllables or after a vowel is more ; svá at ek fæ’k eigi leyzt mik, 20; er ek vilda’g helzt, xi. 146; eigi munda’k trúa, 32; ef ek lifi ok mega’k ráða, 34; þá hafða’k bundit með gresjarni, id.; sem önga frægð muna’k af hljóta, 20; sýnda’k bæði þeim ok Sæmundi, (); þá er ek var heima heyrða’k sagt, 81; er ek aeva kenni’g, 164; draums ætli’g þér, 7; þorða’g, 1; ræka’g, mætta’g, 8; sky’t ek ok ræ’k (ræ’g, ), vi. 170 (in a verse); líkara at ek vitja’g hingat þessa heita, 319; næða’k (or næða’g), if I could reach, 70 (in a verse); at ek nemni þá menn alla ok beiði’g, ii. 317; vilja’k, I will, 1; þvíat ek ætla’g, 59; ok náða’k svá öllu ríki þeirra, 74; þvíat ek trúi’k yðr bezt, 88; ek setta’k, 62; flytta’k, 94; geri’k, heyrða’k, 36; mæli’g, 39; ek vetti’g, 175; tefli’g, 186; setta’g, lagða’g, id.; vilda’g, 193; vide and the word ‘-at’ [p. 2]: sometimes a double pronoun occurs, g and k, mátti’g-a’k, 32; bjargi’g-a’k, 153; stöðvi’g-a’k, 151; hversu ek má’k, vi. 102; vide and 228 B. DAT. AND ACC. are from a different root:— mér, [ mis; mir; lost in ], 10, ; mik, mig, which form occurs even in at the beginning of the 14th century, Hauks-bók: mek occurs now and then in , , , B, else it is rare and obsolete, 42, 107, [ mik; mec; me; mich; mig.] As the word is so common, we shall only mention the use of mik which is special to the Scandinavian tongue, its use as a verbal suffix. The ancients had a double form for the reflexive; for 1st -mk, mik suffixed to the of the verb; for the 3rd -sk, sik suffixed to and alike; thus, ek (vér) þykkjumk, I (we) seem to myself (ourselves); but hann þykkisk, he seems to himself; þeir þykkjask, they seem to themselves: the -mk was later changed into -mz, or -mst of editions and use; but this is a grammatical decay, as if both -mst and -st (þykjumst and þykist) arose from the same sik.
1. the subject may be another person or thing ( or ) and the personal pronoun mik suffixed as object to the verb, a kind of middle voice found in very old poems, and where it occurs it is a test of antiquity; in prose it is quite obsolete: jötna vegir stóðum’k yfir ok undir, the ways of giants ( precipices) stood above and beneath me, 106; er lögðum’k arm yfir, the lass who laid her arms round me, 108; mögr hétum’k fögru, my son promised me fair, Egil; hilmir buðum’k löð (), the king gave me leave, bade me, sing, 2; úlfs bagi gáfum’k íþrótt, the wolf’s foe (Odin) gave me the art (poetry), 23; Ragnarr gáfum’k reiðar mána, R. gave me the shield, Bragi; þat erum’k sýnt, it is shewn to me, id.; stöndum’k ilmr fyrir yndi, the lass blights my joy, Kormak; hugr tjáðum’k, courage helped me, Egil; snertum’k harmr við hjarta, grief touches me to the heart, ; stöndum’k til hjarta hjörr, the sword pierces me to the heart, i; feldr brennum’k, my cloak catches fire, 1; draum dreymðum’k, I dreamed a dream; grimt várum’k hlið, the gap (breach) was terrible to me, 6; hálf ván féllum’k, half my hope failed me, Gráfeldar-drápa; heiðnir rekkar hnekðum’k, the heathen men turned me out, Sighvat; dísir hvöttum’k at, the ‘dísir’ hooted us, 29; gumi görðum’k at vigi, the man made us fight, id.; lyst várum’k, it list me, 74: very common is erum’k, ‘tis to me (us); erum’k van, I (we) have to expect; mjök erum’k tregt tungu at hræra, ‘tis hard for me to move the tongue, the tongue cleaves to my mouth, 1, 17, 16.2. sometimes oneself is the subject, in prose and poetry, either in deponent verbs or as or ; at vit skilim’k sáttir, 119; at vér komim’k, that we shall come, 85; finnum’k hér þá, 108; ef vér finnum’k, 111; ek skildum’k við Ólaf konung, 126; ef ek komum’k í braut, 140; sigrom’k, if I gain the victory, 206; æðrom’k, 214; ef ek öndum’k, if I die, 127; ek berum’k, I bear myself, ii. 57, passim; ek þykkjum’k, þóttum’k, ráðum’k, látum’k, setjum’k, bjóðum’k, skildum’k, kveljum’k, , = ek þykisk, þóttisk, ræðsk, lætsk, setsk, býðsk, skildisk, kvelsk, : even at the present day the forms eg þykjumst, þóttumst are often used in writing; in other words the suffix -mst (-mk) is almost obsolete.
C. DUAL AND PLUR. also from a different root:β. the obsolete interjection er mik = I am; vel er mik, well is me (= ‘bless me!’), 71; æ er mik, ah me! 64; kendr er mik, I am known, 66: with a notion, hvat er mik at því, what is that to me? 1. 28; er mik þat undir frétt þeirri, that is my reason for asking, i. 19:—this ‘er mik’ is clearly the remains of the old erum’k.
1. dual vit, við, a Norse form mit also occurs, 170, 171, [ mi, ]:—we two; and from a different root, okkar and okkr, [ ïggqis; inc and incer; inch and inchar; dikke and dykk]:—our.2. :
α. vér and vær, the last form now obsolete, [ veis; and we; wir; vi]:—we.β. vár, vor, 524, viii. 213, 398, γ. and oss, [ uns (), unsis (); us; uns; oss; os]:—us: it need only be noticed that in familiar usage the dual—við, okkr, okkar—has taken the place of the plural, vér, oss; but that in written books the forms vér, oss are still in use, except in light or familiar style; old writers, on the other hand, made a clear distinction both in speech and writing.
Skammstafanir og tilvitnanir
- pers.person.
- pron.fornafn (e. pronoun)
- mod.modern.
- proncd.pronounced.
- MSS.manuscript, manuscripts.
- cp.compare.
- Swed.Swedish.
- Icel.Iceland, Icelander, Icelanders, Icelandic.
- Ulf.Ulfilas.
- A. S.Anglo-Saxon.
- Engl.English.
- Germ.German.
- Dan.Danish.
- Lat.Latin.
- Gr.Greek.
- etc.et cetera.
- pref.preface.
- ch.chapter.
- e. g.exempli gratia.
- freq.frequent, frequently.
- v. l.varia lectio.
- sqq.following.
- dat.þágufall (e. dative)
- acc.þolfall (e. accusative)
- viz.namely.
- i. e.id est.
- plur.fleirtala (e. plural)
- sing.eintala (e. singular)
- reflex.reflexive.
- recipr.reciprocally.
- gen.eignarfall (e. genitive)
- Goth.Gothic.
- O. H. G.Old High German.
- nom.nefnifall (e. nominative)
- Arna-Magn.Arna-Magnacanus.
- Fms.Fornmanna sögur. (E. I.)
- Korm.Kormaks saga. (D. II.)
- Ld.Laxdæla saga. (D. II.)
- Nj.Njála. (D. II.)
- Grág.Grágás. (B. I.)
- Blas.Blasius saga. (F. III.)
- Mork.Morkinskinna. (E. I.)
- Vþm.Vafþrúðnis-mál. (A. I.)
- Ls.Loka-senna. (A. I.)
- Ad.Arinbjarnar-drápa. (A. III.)
- Post.Postula sögur. (F. III.)
- Íb.Íslendinga-bók. (D. I.)
- Hm.Hává-mál. (A. I.)
- Skm.Skírnis-mál. (A. I.)
- SkáldaSkálda. (H. I.)
- EddaEdda. (C. I.)
- Hdl.Hyndlu-ljóð. (A. II.)
- Stor.Sona-torrek. (A. III.)
- Eg.Egils saga. (D. II.)
- Eb.Eyrbyggja saga. (D. II.)
- Ht.Hátta-tal. (C. I.)
- Ó. H.Ólafs saga Helga. (E. I.)
- Lex. Poët.Lexicon Poëticum by Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860.
- Og.Oddrúnar-grátr. (A. II.)
- Frump.Frumpartar.
- O. H. L.Ólafs saga Helga Legendaria. (E. I.)
- N. G. L.Norges Gamle Love. (B. II.)
- Sks.Konungs Skugg-sjá. (H. II.)
- Al.Alexanders saga. (G. I.)
- Höfuðl.Höfuðlausn. (A. III.)
- Landn.Landnáma. (D. I.)
- Fm.Fafnis-mál. (A. II.)
- Gm.Grímnis-mál. (A. I.)
- Hðm.Hamðis-mál. (A. II.)
- Am.Atla-mál. (A. II.)
- Skv.Sigurðar-kviða. (A. II.)
- Ivar AasenIvar Aasen’s Dictionary, 1850.